Islamic state of indonesia

Hasan tiro biography of williams brothers The grandson of an Indonesian national hero, Tengku Muhammad Hasan di Tiro founded a separatist movement that waged one of the world's longest-running civil wars, eventually seeing his home province of Aceh granted limited autonomy following the Boxing Day tsunami. Hunted by the Indonesian army, he fled to Malaysia and then to Sweden, where he lived in exile for nearly 30 years, continuing to control GAM from afar. After a peace accord approved by Di Tiro and his followers was signed in , he returned to his homeland, where he lived quietly in the provincial capital, Banda Aceh. The Indonesian government restored his citizenship the day before he died in hospital, aged 84, of multiple organ failure. Descended from a line of influential Muslim scholars, above all his grandfather, who was killed in while spearheading Acehnese resistance to Dutch colonial forces, Di Tiro was born near the town of Pidie, on the province's east coast, in

Hasan Tiro

Founder of the Free Aceh Movement

Hasan Muhammad di Tiro (born Hasan Bin Leube Muhammad; 25 September – 3 June ), was the founder of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM), an organisation which attempted to separate Aceh from Indonesia from the s. It surrendered its separatist goals and agreed to disarm as agreed to in the Helsinki peace deal of He was the maternal great-grandson of Tengku Cik di Tiro,[1] an Acehnese guerilla fighter and national hero of Indonesia who was killed fighting the Dutch in [2][3] In he obtained his Indonesian citizenship back shortly before his death.[4]

Background

Coming from a prominent family,[5] from village of Tiro (Pidie Regency), di Tiro studied in the modernist schools of Daud Beure'eh's PUSA organisation from and through the Japanese occupation and was a leader of the PUSA Scouts by He was active as a Pesindo (Socialist Youth) leader in the 'social revolution' against Aceh's ruling aristocratic uleebalangs in December Then a passionate advocate of identifying Aceh's history with Indonesia's nationalist struggle, he studied further in the Indonesian revolutionary capital, Yogyakarta, and authored two books in defence of this view.[6] He then continued his studies in United States, where he did part-time work for Indonesian Mission to the United Nations.

While a student in New York City in , he declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious Darul Islam movement,[7] which in Aceh was led by Daud Bereueh. Due to this action, he was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on Ellis Island as an illegal alien.[7] The Darul Islam rebellion in Aceh itself ended in a peace deal in [8] Under the peace deal Aceh was granted nominal autonomy.[9]

Creating GAM

Main article: Insurgency in Aceh

Di Tiro re-appeared in Aceh in , where he applied for a pipeline contract in the new Mobil Oil gas plant to be built in Lhokseumawe area.

He was outbid by Bechtel, in a tender process in which di Tiro thought the central government had too much control.[10] It has been claimed that, as result of this loss and the death of his brother due to what he considered to be deliberate neglect by a doctor of Javanese ethnicity, di Tiro began organising a separatist movement using his old Darul Islam contacts.

He declared his organisation as the Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front, better known as the Free Aceh Movement ("Gerakan Aceh Merdeka") on 4 December Amongst its goals was the total independence of Aceh from Indonesia. Di Tiro chose independence as one of GAM's goals instead of autonomy due to his focus on Aceh's pre-colonial history as an independent state.

Hasan tiro biography of williams county: Hasan Muhammad di Tiro (born Hasan Bin Leube Muhammad; 25 September – 3 June ), was the founder of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM), an organisation which attempted to separate Aceh from Indonesia from the s.

The ASNLF was distinct from the former Darul Islam rebellion which sought to overthrow the secular Pancasila ideology of Indonesia and create a pan-Indonesian Islamic state based on sharia, if with a high degree of autonomy for Aceh within such a state. In his "Declaration of Independence", he questioned Indonesia's right to exist as it was a multi-cultural state based on the Dutch colonial empire and consisted of numerous prior states and multitudes of ethnicities with little else in common.

As such, di Tiro believed that the Acehnese people should restore the pre-colonial state of Aceh and should be separate from the "fraudulent" state of Indonesia.[11]

Due to this new focus on Aceh's history and distinct ethnic identity, some of GAM's activities involved attacking transmigrants, particularly those who worked with the Indonesian army, in an effort to restore Acehnese land to Acehnese people.

Ethnic Javanese transmigrants were among those most frequently targeted, due to what were often their close links to the Indonesian army. GAM's principal military activities, however, involved guerrilla attacks against Indonesian soldiers and police.

In , after leading a GAM attack in which an American engineer was killed and another American and South Korean engineer injured,[3][7] Hasan Tiro was hunted by Indonesian military.

He was shot in the leg in a military ambush, and fled to Malaysia.[7][12]

From , di Tiro lived in Stockholm, Sweden and had Swedish citizenship.[2][14] For most of this period Zaini Abdullah, who became governor of Aceh in June , was one of his closest Acehnese colleagues in Sweden.

After the tsunami in December , the GAM and the Indonesian government agreed to a peace treaty which was signed in Helsinki in August Under the terms of the peace treaty, which were accepted by GAM's political leadership and endorsed by di Tiro, expanded autonomy was to be provided for Aceh. Shortly afterwards, a new Law on the Governing of Aceh was passed by the national parliament in Jakarta to support the implementation of the peace treaty.

In October , after 30 years of exile, di Tiro returned to Aceh.[15][16]

During the course of the conflict, on three separate occasions the Indonesian government mistakenly declared that Hasan di Tiro had died.[17]

Return to Aceh

Hasan di Tiro returned to Aceh after 30 years of self-imposed exile on 11 October As a consequence of previous strokes, he was too frail to deliver his own speech at his welcome rally and did not play any active role in Aceh's ongoing political process at the time.[5] He stayed for two weeks before returning to Sweden.[18] A year later in October he again returned to Aceh[19] and stayed there until his death.[20] On 2 June he regained his Indonesian citizenship after living for years with a Swedish passport.[4] He died the following day of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in a Banda Aceh hospital.[21]

References

  1. ^"tgk hasan di tiro".

    Saving Memoir.

  2. Gam
  3. Darul islam aceh
  4. The aceh war
  5. Pancacita
  6. West aceh

    7. Retrieved 26 June

  7. ^ ab"Hasan Tiro visits Aceh's hero graves". The Jakarta Post. 10 December Archived from the original on 13 October Retrieved 12 October
  8. ^ abMarianne Heiberg, Brendan O'Leary, and John Tirman, Editors (18 December ).

    Terror, Insurgency, and State: Ending Protracted Conflicts (&#;ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated.

    Hasan tiro biography of williams sisters

    It surrendered its separatist goals and agreed to disarm as agreed to in the Helsinki peace deal of He was the maternal great-grandson of Tengku Cik di Tiro , [ 1 ] an Acehnese guerilla fighter and national hero of Indonesia who was killed fighting the Dutch in He was active as a Pesindo Socialist Youth leader in the 'social revolution' against Aceh's ruling aristocratic uleebalangs in December Then a passionate advocate of identifying Aceh's history with Indonesia's nationalist struggle, he studied further in the Indonesian revolutionary capital, Yogyakarta, and authored two books in defence of this view. While a student in New York City in , he declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious Darul Islam movement, [ 7 ] which in Aceh was led by Daud Bereueh.

    p.&#; ISBN&#;.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

  9. ^ ab"Hasan Tiro Kembali Jadi WNI - ". . 7 January Archived from the original on 7 January Retrieved 26 June
  10. ^ abWilliamson, Lucy (12 October ).

    "What role for returning Aceh rebel?". BBC News. Retrieved 12 October

  11. ^Edward Aspinall, Islam and Nation: Separatist Rebellion in Aceh, Indonesia. (, Stanford University Press
  12. ^ abcdKenneth Conboy (). Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces (16 November &#;ed.).

    Equinox Publishing. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  13. ^Cornelius van Dijk (Author). Rebellion under the Banner of Islam, the Darul Islam in Indonesia (&#;ed.). Martinus Nijhoff.
  14. ^Michael (). "Resources and Rebellion in Aceh, Indonesia"(PDF). The World Bank.

  15. Hasan tiro biography of williams county
  16. Hasan tiro biography of williams family
  17. Hasan tiro biography of williams college

    18. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 October Retrieved 11 October

  18. ^Nessen, William, “Aceh’s National Liberation Movement,” in Veranda of Violence ed. Anthony Reid (Singapore: Singapore University Press, ), p.
  19. ^"Declaration of Independence of Aceh".
  20. ^"Hasan di Tiro: Acehnese Terrorist".

    19 December Archived from the original on 5 March Retrieved 12 October

  21. ^Citizen Hasan di Tiro dies in ‘dignified end to conflict’Archived 29 April at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^"Aceh's Gam separatists". BBC News.

    Hasan tiro biography of williams Teungku Hasan Muhammad di Tiro , M. Ia menyerahkan tujuan separatisnya dan setuju untuk melucuti senjatanya seperti yang disepakati dalam perjanjian damai Helsinki tahun Ia adalah cicit dari Teungku Chik di Tiro , pahlawan nasional Indonesia yang terbunuh melawan Belanda pada tahun Ia kemudian memperoleh beasiswa untuk belajar di Amerika Serikat dan bekerja paruh waktu di Misi Indonesia untuk Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa. Karena aksi ini, ia dicabut kewarganegaraan Indonesia, menyebabkan dia dipenjara di Penjara Ellis Island sebagai warga asing ilegal [ 7 ] Perjuangan Darul Islam di Aceh sendiri berakhir dengan perjanjian damai pada

    24 January Retrieved 11 October

  23. ^"Exiled Aceh leader returns". aljazeera. 11 October Retrieved 11 October
  24. ^"Aceh guerrilla leader flies home". BBC News. 11 October Retrieved 12 October
  25. ^"HEAD OF STATE OF ACHEH-SUMATRA".

    Hasan tiro biography of williams syndrome Guardian of the State. He is the Tengku, the hereditary leader of the fierce Acehnese people who, as he once wrote, would choose death over surrender. Now 72, Di Tiro lives in this suburb of Stockholm, where he is the leader of Acehnese guerrillas fighting and dying in the Indonesian jungle 5, miles away. His goal is to resurrect the nation of Aceh, a powerful Muslim kingdom that defied Dutch colonization for decades but was absorbed by Indonesia after World War II. Di Tiro led the struggle from the jungle in the late s and was wanted by Indonesia, dead or alive.

    asnlf. Archived from the original on 15 October Retrieved 12 October

  26. ^Indonesia: Hasan Tiro returns to Sweden
  27. ^Hasan Tiro arrives in AcehArchived 15 August at the Wayback Machine(in Indonesian)
  28. ^Hasan Tiro hospitalizedArchived 15 August at the Wayback Machine(in Indonesian)
  29. ^Aubrey Belford (3 June ).

    "Hasan di Tiro, Who Led Indonesia Rebels, Dies at 84". The New York Times.

Further reading

See also